A hydraulic accumulator is a specially designed pressure vessel whose core function is to store hydraulic energy. Its internal construction consists of a diaphragm or piston that seals and compresses an inert gas (usually nitrogen). As the inert gas compresses and expands, hydraulic fluid is drawn in and out, thus storing and releasing energy.
Accumulators come in a wide variety of types and sizes designed to meet the pressure storage needs of different hydraulic systems. Before they are put into operation, they are set to an initial gas pressure, known as the “precharge pressure”. When the system pressure rises above the precharge pressure, the nitrogen gas is compressed and reduced in volume, and hydraulic fluid is drawn into the accumulator until the maximum system pressure is reached. On the contrary, when the system pressure drops, nitrogen expansion, pushing the hydraulic fluid out of the accumulator, for the hydraulic system to provide the necessary power to support, until the two pressures to reach a new balance. Reasonable use of accumulators can significantly improve the performance and efficiency of the hydraulic system, reduce operating costs, reduce the occurrence of failures, and effectively extend the service life of the system.
Accumulators play multiple key roles in hydraulic systems:
1. Supplementing pump flow: For hydraulic circuits that require high flow rates for only a short period of time, accumulators are ideal for supplementing pump flow. When the system pressure exceeds the pre-charge pressure, the accumulator begins to store fluid; when the system pressure decreases and the flow demand increases, the accumulator releases fluid to meet the system demand. The realization of this function depends on the pressure difference that exists between the accumulator and the system.
2. Maintain system pressure and compensate for leakage: During the unloading of the hydraulic pump, the accumulator can maintain the pressure stability of the hydraulic circuit, especially for quantitative pumps for a long time to keep the pressure of the cycle occasions. Through the addition of accumulators, flow control devices and pressure switches, when the pressure reaches a preset value, the pump unloading; if the pressure drops due to leakage, the accumulator releases high-pressure fluid to quickly restore system pressure. This mechanism reduces the opening time of the relief valve, reduces system heating and minimizes relief losses.
3. Absorption of shocks: For hydraulic circuits where there is a demand for high flow rates, pressure shocks are unavoidable and can cause damage to system components. Accumulators are able to absorb some of the pressure shocks, thus protecting other system components from damage.
4. Cushioning of pulsations: In addition to pressure shocks, pressure pulsations in hydraulic lines are one of the culprits of vibrations and noise. Accumulator can absorb the pressure pulsation in the circuit, effectively reduce its impact on the system to ensure stable operation of the system.
5. Provide emergency power: In some hydraulically driven machines, the machine must remain in its current position during a power failure to avoid damage. By adding an accumulator to the system circuit, the accumulator can be filled with high pressure oil during normal operation. In the event of a power failure, the accumulator releases the stored high-pressure oil to provide emergency power to the machine, ensuring that it can be safely cycled to the desired position. This approach not only avoids the high cost of an additional engine-driven back-up pump, but also improves the reliability and safety of the system.
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